Discrimination of Irish Catholic Immigrants During the 1920’s Essay

Discrimination of Irish Catholic Immigrants During the 1920’s   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During the 1920’s there were many controversial issues.   There was a concern about declining moral and ethical values, which led to restrictions such as prohibition for example.   The concern about these issues seemed most intense when they pertained to religion.   In situations like these it always seems necessary to place the blame somewhere.   One particular group on which this blame was emphasized happened to be the immigrants.   Irish Catholic immigrants were a main focus of discrimination in many ways.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The fight for immigration restriction was fueled by America’s negative view of foreigners.   Protestants especially made it a point to link alcohol with Catholic Irish immigrants.   They were looked upon as immoral and corrupt because of this.   Prohibiting alcohol was an unsuccessful way of trying to counterattack not only the immorality in urban cities, but the immigrants who resided there as well.   This was yet another example of searching for an answer to the deterioration of morals and values.   In an effort to justify prohibition, it was said that Limitation upon individual freedom in matters affecting society is the price that any people must pay for the progress of its civilization.   Personal liberty cannot rightly be claimed for practices which militate against the welfare of others or the interest of the community as a whole.   (http://www.aihs.org.history.htm) The Ku Klux Klan, which was already an established organization increased in number when efforts to prevent and discourage Irish Catholic immigrants from practicing Catholicism were unsuccessful.   The Klan considered itself to be Pro-American, which directly meant anti catholic.... ...for the Irish Catholic immigrants as well as the others, â€Å"the old-stock drive for conformity and community represented attacks on their culture, religion and ethnicity.   Repeatedly their stake in American society, their right to be American citizens, was denied†Ã‚   (Dumenil, 248).   I agree that it was their right to become American citizens.   Discriminating against Irish Catholic immigrants was unjust, especially for the reason that there is no rational or justifiable way to discriminate against which people are allowed to immigrate and which are not. work cited: 1.   http://www.illinoisrighttolife.org/racism.htm.   (7/1/98). 2.   http://www.aihs.org/History/history3.htm.   (6/1/98). 3.   http://www.aihs.org.history.htm.   (3/1/98). 4.   Lay, Shawn.   The Invisible Empire in the West.   Illinois.   1992. 5.   Dumenil, Lynn.   The Modern Temper.   New York.   1995.

Important factors shaping social relationships under the French

Social relationships were important components of the French absolute monarchy. Historians agree that to achieve supreme control and national unity, Kings relied heavily on military strength. There is little question that absolutist France came to posses the largest standing army Europe had ever seen. Armies made France a powerful state, and the King a powerful ruler. However kings also controlled through non military means, establishing bureaucratic and legal systems and developing an absolutist culture with the King at the centre.These manifestations of absolutism, at raying degrees of significance, helped shape social relationships, and in turn, enforced the absolutist regime. Contrastingly, other historians maintain that the absolute system worked within pre-existing social codes, which were more influential in shaping social relationships. Historians herald the significance of these different factors because they take a variety of historiographer's approaches. Absolutism redefin ed the socio-political structures and language of court society. Court cabals and courtesies became important factors that influenced social relationships.Emmanuel Eel Roy Ladies uses the court memoirs of Duct De Saint Simons, to explain the system of court cabals. Ladies explains how the King placed himself at the top of the court hierarchy, and held a number of favorites. L Lower courtiers would group around these powerful Individuals, such as King Louis Xiv wife Madame De Imitation, to gain power, wealth, status and other privileges through association. 2 Saint Simony's court memoirs are a more traditional historiographer's source, detailing friendships, marriages and patronage relationships that formed and separated court cabals. However Lauder himself admits the limitations of the source, stating that It has a tendency to be subjective with some bias, and Inaccurate facts. 4 But as Ladler states, his purpose was not statistical detail, but to present a ‘model' for the net work of social relationships in court society, and to reveal that they placed the king in an enormous position of influence to determine courtier's social standing. 5 Rest Raman consults similar sources and concludes that courtesies were a new political language that redefined the way courtiers socialized and communicated, while also being a political tool for negotiating the cabal system.Raman analyses Theodore Goddesses Grand Ceremonial De France from 1619, one of the many courtesy manuals written for courtiers. 6 Absolutist monarchies did not invent courtesies, but Raman argues that these manuals justified and systematized these social codes. 7 Courtesy rules dictated the nature of social affiliations and interactions, becoming a vital political language in court society, as a means of showing or denying respect or favor to individuals and cabals. For example â€Å"hat doffing†¦ And lowered eyes† became the language of respect that carried on along the hierarchy, with the King at the top. Ere â€Å"insults to God himself, † enforcing enormous regal authority. 9 Moreover, under Louis XIV, all topics except frivolous small talk, were branded ‘discourteous,' in an attempt to repress uprisings. 10 Both historians analyses similar sources and share the conclusion that absolutism created a new social order, designed to enforce the Kings power. Sarah Hanley however, argues bureaucratic models, established by the absolutist state, were important factors shaping family and gender relationships.Hanley investigates the ‘Family State Compact,' revealing that it enforced distinct gender oleos and enshrined the patriarchal family model in legislation. This model was in turn used to explain and Justify absolutism. 11 Hanley approaches her study with an â€Å"ethnographic† perspective. 12 She states that conventional historiography has always been a uniform process of selecting documents to confirm a point, but more recent scholarship on social history now seeks to gain greater scope and depth by viewing a range of non-traditional sources. 3 From these historians may distill messages about social life. 14 Hanley use of primary government legislation and court case documents, are examples of expanding historical sources. The Marriage Regulations, Reproduction Rules and Marital Separation Arrangements ensured family finances remained under paternal authority, helped guarantee the legitimacy of children and made it harder to break up marriages and families. 1 5 But as Hanley indicates, the underlying purpose of these laws was to constitutionalism patriarchal control over all family affairs. 6 It was a key bureaucratic factor that helped enforce male social and economic dominance, within the family. Furthermore, the patriarchal family worked to Justify and naturalist the appointment of an absolutist ruler, who could be seen as he â€Å"husband† and â€Å"father† of the state. 17 Furthermore, Hanley exam ination of court cases exposes legal limitations on female political and economic privileges within their marital and civic relationships.Women gained social and economic status through marriage and childbearing, but the Compact put men in greater control these activities, disemboweling women and forcing them to break laws for economic and social survival. 18 In the Diagram- du Piqued case for example, Barber- Francoise Diagram was charged with â€Å"supposition attendant† because she faked the birth of a child to avoid becoming a childless widow and losing socioeconomic status. 9 Furthermore, this source reveals that legal structures shaped collaborative relationships between women of different social classes, as Barber sought the assistance of midwifes, paupers and a prostitute. 0 Thus while primary accounts such as Saint-Simony's Memoirs explain social and genealogical connections at their surface, Handless wider variety of social records reveals in greater depth, the gend ered social constructions that defined social relationships in the absolutist monarchy, as well as unexpected cross-class relationships. Cultural manifestations of absolutism in art, gardens and entertainment were further significant factors shaping social relationships. Diverging from traditional and social historiographers, Peter Burke, Chancre Muskier and Craig Callously take an art historical concepts to court social life.He argues that the language of allegory, hyperbole and euphemism in songs, literature, sermons, painting and other mediums communicated a lofty ‘high style' that associated the King with exalted figures and ideas. 21 For example Louis XIV was pained as SST John the Baptist and Apollo. 22 Courtiers learnt these references and conducted themselves accordingly, with grandeur and dignity. 3 In turn, this new language displayed, magnified and rationalized the King as a sublime and spiritual ruler. 24 In contrast, Muskier applies geopolitical concepts to unders tanding social relationships.Muskier references historian Michel Faculty's theory that 17th century society began to view material possessions as indicators of wealth and power. 25 Increasing trade, scientific and technological innovations made material items more prominent in social gatherings and conversations. 26 Muskier argues absolutism worked within this materialist culture, valuing land the most as a material item. 7 In a geopolitical way, Kings enforced power by appropriating and manipulating land into formal gardens. In turn, this established material ownership as a language of power. 8 Material goods came to dominate social and political relationships during the 17th century. 29 Callously similarly seeks specialized research on theatre and festivals, alongside primary accounts. However he argues the political purposes of nocturnal entertainment were significant factors shaping court life. 30 For example, Baroque night time theatre developed and through its illusionist's li ghting, performances such as Louis Xiv Ballet De la Unit,† physically presented Louis as a ‘radiant' King. 1 Furthermore, court diaries from Versailles reveal an increase in concerts, balls, and billiards, offering different opportunities for solicitation. 32 Nocturnal activities changed and began to characterize social life. 33 Memoirs by Louis XIV and absolutist critic Jean De La Buyer (1645-96) also divulge that night time entertainments were deliberate distractions from political issues. 34 Callously maintains Kings communicated and secured their power through nocturnal spectacles, which consequently transformed court social relationships. 35However unlike other historians discussed, James Afar argues social relationships were shaped by concepts of ‘Honor' that pre-dated absolutist expressions of power. Like other historians, Afar relies on a primary source: Farther Lame's eye witness account of the trial and execution of disgraced nobleman Philippe Group. Unco nventionally, Group did not confess his crime, thus preserving honor but damning his soul. 36 More important to him was maintaining honor for his family and young son. 37 Honor defined people's positions of power and status. 38 It was treated as an item that could be appropriated through displays of respect. Lame's text, confirmed by trial records, reveals Group bowed and spoke respectfully to colleagues and onlookers, to earn back some of the honor he had lost. 40 Through displays of respect, Group also sought favor with his patron the Prince of Condone, who could gain him a Kings pardon. 41 Fear's study revises primary documents and challenges past historians such as Ladies and Rest, previously discussed. Courtesy codes, and court cabals were not Just to gain political power, but were part of a possible, albeit largely speculative, that Kings consciously manipulated this established framework of honor to their political advantage.But what Group's trial reveals is honor was a preci ous commodity, and was central to the way people conversed and connected. The majority of historians discussed, agree that the most important factors shaping social relationships under the absolute monarchy, were essentially the absolute monarchy itself. Absolutism established a new laws, social customs, entertainment and art that had a dramatic impact on social relationships involving gender, class, marriage, family ties and friendships. But in contrast, historians also argue that, as in any society, there were already complex social codes that absolutism worked within.

What Is a Commodity in Economics

In economics, a commodity is defined as a tangible good that can be bought and sold or exchanged for products of similar value. Natural resources such as oil  as well as basic foods like corn are two common types of commodities. Like other classes of assets such as stocks, commodities have value and can be traded on open markets. And like other assets, commodities can fluctuate in price according to supply and demand. Properties In terms of economics, a commodity possesses the following two properties.  First, it is a good that is  usually produced and/or sold by many different companies or manufacturers. Second, it is uniform in quality between companies that produce and sell it. One cannot tell the difference between one firms goods and another. This uniformity is referred to as fungibility.   Raw materials such as coal, gold, zinc are all examples of commodities that are produced and graded according to uniform industry standards, making them easy to trade. Levis jeans would not be considered a commodity, however. Clothing, while something everyone uses, is considered a finished product, not a base material. Economists call this  product differentiation. Not all raw materials are considered commodities. Natural gas is too expensive to ship worldwide, unlike oil, making it difficult to set prices globally. Instead, it is usually traded on a regional basis. Diamonds are another example; they vary too widely in quality to achieve the volumes of scale necessary to sell them as graded commodities.   What is considered a commodity can also change over time, too. Onions were traded on commodities markets in the United States until 1955, when  Vince Kosuga, a New York farmer, and Sam Siegel, his business partner  tried to corner the market. The result? Kosuga and Siegel flooded the market, made millions, and consumers and producers were outraged. Congress outlawed the trading of onion futures in 1958 with the Onion Futures Act.   Trading and Markets Like stocks and bonds, commodities are traded on open markets. In the U.S., much of the trading is done at the Chicago Board of Trade or the New York Mercantile Exchange, although some trading is also done on the stock markets. These markets establish trading standards and units of measure for commodities, making them easy to trade. Corn contracts, for example, are for 5,000 bushels of corn, and the price is set in cents per bushel. Commodities are often called futures because trades are made not for immediate delivery but for a later point in time, usually because it takes time for a good to be grown and harvested or extracted and refined. Corn futures, for example, have four delivery dates:  March, May, July, September, or December.  In textbook examples, commodities are usually sold for their marginal cost  of production, though in the real world the price may be higher due to tariffs and other trade barriers.  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹ The advantage to this kind of trading is that it allows growers and producers to receive their payments in advance, giving them liquid capital to invest in their business, take profits, reduce debt, or expand production. Buyers like futures, too, because they can take advantage of dips in the market to increase holdings. Like stocks, commodity markets are also vulnerable to market instability. Prices for commodities dont just affect buyers and sellers; they also affect consumers. For example, an increase in the price of crude oil can cause prices for gasoline to rise, in turn making the cost of transporting goods more expensive. Sources The Economist staff. What Makes Something a Commodity? Economist.com, 3 January 2017.Kennon, Joshua. Definition and Examples of What Commodities Are. TheBalance.com, 27 October 2016.Romer, Keith. The Great Onion Corner And The Futures Market. NPR.org, 22 October 2015.Smith, Stacey Vanek. What Is a Commodity, Anyway? Marketplace.org, 21 November 2013.

What makes a good teacher - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 785 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/02/05 Category Education Essay Level High school Topics: Teacher Essay Did you like this example? What makes a good teacher? The teaching profession today has greatly advanced and changed due to the demanding and calling characteristic of teachings. Teachers are not only trusted to bring out the personalities of the young people but the world is highly concerned with quality of work being delivered by the teachers and their output. Educating the young ones is also one of the most demanding duties It requires commitment, strong devotion and willingness to help the young learn properly. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "What makes a good teacher?" essay for you Create order It calls for one possess skills like; class control, wider mastery of subject matter in his or her area of specialization. To begin with, the zeal to educate the young nation and possession of adequate proficiency of the material. During their training in the teacher training centerss, the teacher gains enough knowledge to enable him execute his duties effectively. Committed teachers go extra miles to research further to be equipped. Building and keeping the profession up to date is one of the feature that defines a good teacher. Serious teacher do not rely on the outdated information and routine ways of teaching, they keep updating themselves professionally in order to deliver quality services to their students during the teaching-learning process. Love and passion towards a subject enables the teacher to search for knowledge in their subject area and thus the teacher remains updated. In addition, being friendly and approachable enhances the teacher’s position and relation with students. Teachers are facilitators of teaching-learning process that is meant to impart knowledge and skills to the students. This calls for the good teacher to be sociable , therefore they have to be friendly and easily accessible to the student . the closeness between the teacher and his students creates a good interactive environment for teaching and learning. However, the capability of a teacher to organize and put in place the learning-teaching materials in place in the right time enables the teacher to achieve the lesson plan set objectives. A good teacher takes his time before and even after the actual classroom teaching designing the schemes of work, records of work, lesson plans and researching to gather new knowledge available in their respective subjects of specialization. The core business of a committed teacher is to bring out the personalities of the young people by imparting the appropriate knowledge and skills desired and required by the student to function normally in the society. Good teachers work together , help each other and they too work closely with the students since they are the main target in teaching and learning process. Moreover, students’ entanglement in teaching is a quality of a good teacher. This highly relies on the teacher’s ability to choose wisely the methods of teaching with regard to the content to that is supposed to be delivered. In most cases the student centered approach of teaching gives a large room for the learners to participate actively in the teaching-process. The employment of learner oriented methods of teaching increases the intractability of the teacher and the students thus bringing out the teachers accessibility close to the students. Good teachers are concerned with making their content unique and appealing. Creativity enables a good teacher to innovate teaching and learning materials that help brake the monotonous and routine teaching process and make learning interesting every time thus creating the thirst for learning more among the students Nevertheless, excellent communication skills form the base a good and a focused teacher. A teacher with eloquent communication skills will be able to pass the intended content effectively and in the most efficient way. The capability to listen carefully enables the teacher to respond to his students correctly and at some point detect when they are not following up the lesson attentively and communicate back the issue of concern or areas that the students do not seem to understand very well. During the curriculum interactive phase, ( the actual implementation of the curriculum) teaching, good communication skills plays the key role in passing the information to the students while imparting the knowledge and skills to the learners. In brief, a good teacher develops good social bonds with their students to reduce the distance between them and the students. Student’s success and performance depends largely on teacher-student relation. (Ashley Peterson 2016) says that it does not matter how much a teacher knows or the teaching methods but what matters a lot is the teacher’s ability to build up relationships and use the relationship to facilitate understanding. REFFERENCES Intrator, S. M. (2007). Honoring the teachers heart: Stories of the courage to teach(Vol. 2). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. McEwan, Elaine K. (1999). Traits of highly successful schools. 1st ed. Water brook press. Cooperman, S. (1999). How schools really work. 2nd ed. Catfeet press.

Raising Capital For Any Startup - 1324 Words

Raising capital for any startup in Nigeria is hard, and it is discouraging to invest in a business idea that is not easy for some entrepreneurs. Applying for secured personal loan or even a loan without collateral is not promising to anyone too. So, if you are looking for a business loan without collateral, you have to understand that getting a small business loan without collateral is certainly tough in today’s economy. That’s why you find a lot of searches on internet about â€Å"how to get loan without collateral† and it is commonly asked by many people from all parts of the country. When you visit a forum like Nairaland where entrepreneurs meet often to discuss about cash loan without collateral, you ll find discussions threads talking about start up business loans, simply because their businesses are either established through a loan or personal investment. There is no doubt that it s difficult to find money to start a brand new business. In fact, as mentioned earlier, this is one tough hurdle you have to cross if you are business owner and you’re trying to raise a startup capital. There are many problems confronting entrepreneurs, though, the main one is how you can raise venture capital. If you have an excellent idea, the only thing that could hold you up putting that idea into reality is how you can finance such idea and get started with angel investors. Almost everyone in business today has one story or another to tell regarding how difficult it turned out for theShow MoreRelatedThe New Way Of Raising Capital1517 Words   |  7 Pagesone of the most difficult part for an entrepreneur to turn their idea into reality is raising capital. However, with the recent technology boom and a society that gets euphoric from new ideas, entrepreneurs now have a plethora of new ways to get their company funded, with crowdfunding as the most recent new way of raising capital. 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Buisness Letter Order Free Essays

Hi. How are you? I don’t think you remember me. I am a your niece [Your name] thrice removed. We will write a custom essay sample on Buisness Letter Order or any similar topic only for you Order Now I am Evelyn’s little girl. You visited us last Christmas. Anyway, I just wanted to tell you how much fun I had that Christmas getting to know you all over again. I hoped to keep in touch with you after Christmas. Remember when I told you about the business venture I have with Christie? You remember Christie? she’s your other neice, my cousin. You also met her at Christmas. Christie is the girl with the long dark hair and dark eyes. She’s is the most  friendly person you could ever meet. Well, you saw that when you met her at Christmas. She’s a graphic artist and graduated valedictorian. Christie receives so many job offers from major companies, even DISNEY! She’s married now with a baby. The baby is adorable. Her husband is a really nice guy. The baby is one year old, and her name is Isabel. As for me, I am a graphic artist too and also a computer expert. I graduated just this year. Christie and I have invested in a space for a store we want to open at the huge mall at Rockaway in New Jersey where we live. It is a custom designed gift basket store for all occasions. Though the huge Rockaway mall stores are varied, they are lacking a store, which provides something more personal to the public. There are too many stores, which consist of cold impersonal items such as electronics, Order#31114685 Pg. 2 clothes, music, on the first floor. Books, videos games, furniture, on the second floor, food, toys, shoes on the third, computer disks, thimbles, exotic furniture, movies, bed clothes, on the fourth. Desks, paper products and hair brushes etc on the fifth. Appliances on the sixth, hair cutters and fur coats on the seventh. I know these items can seem personal, however not as personal as a customized gift basket. Our idea is to open a store in the mall as well as a virtual storefront on the Internet. Christie and I have already accumulated 100,000 in seed money between us however; we’re going to need a little more to make our dream a reality. But let me first tell you about our little store before I ask you for the money. Christie and I are thinking of a huge friendly store designed for people to enter and leisurely choose inside colorful bins filled with personal items such as stuffed bears, pretty personalized stationary, candy, pretty colored pens and pencils, plastic jewelry (The kind you would find in a bubble gum machine) and all scents of perfume oil; all forare low price. The design for our store is openly friendly. Tall walls painted a sunny yellow color, greet the customers are greeted as they arrive. The concept is for people to be able to enter our store and freely look over our inventory inside the bins to choose what they want to have for their gift basket. The customers then will arrive at the cashier, pay for the items and choose what customized gift basket you want. Our customers will choose from a large portfolio of different types of gift baskets for all occasions, painted with rich bright colors, custom-made by Christie. Her specialty is a yellow and brown celophane wrapped gift basket in the shape of Spongebob Squarepants. She paints the straw baskets and stuffs them for the customers herself. Order#31114685 Pg. 3 The competition as I said before Aunt Betty, is non-existent They are all cold and impersonal electronics, and we think boring. We see that they have a normal amount of customers streaming in and out of these stores, however it will definitely not be as much as there will be coming into our stores. Like I said before, our gift baskets are for all occasions and are already in demand. We have orders for Birthdays, holidays, weddings, christenings and anniversaries. The list is very long and is getting longer as word gets out since finishing our website. Our virtual store on the Internet is expertly done, if I should say so myself with colorful pictures of the assortment of the many gift baskets we can create and Christie and myself. I also included our history as computer graphic designers and has generated over 200 orders already with over 100 orders in backorders. We have money already, over $200. 00 however we need some more to keep this dream going. We can save you money, legally as a small business tax exemption that will make you a lot more money in future, Aunt Betty. Socially, we will be famous as we make more money for you globally as well as nationally. The truth is people today would rather give a gift that is personal instead of something cold and impersonal like an electronic something which needs batteries every two weeks. I hope to hear from you soon, after you receive this letter, Aunt Betty and see you this coming Christmas. Maybe then you can see the space we have rented out in the mall for our store. I am sure you will like it. Best wishes. Sincerely, [Your signature] [Your name] -Works Cited- The Little, Brown Handbook fourth Edition H. Ramsey Fowler Jane E. Aaron; Copyright ? 1989 by Scott, Foresman and Company. How to cite Buisness Letter Order, Papers

Art Upsets, Science Reassures Essay Example For Students

Art Upsets, Science Reassures Essay The difference between; reality and fantasy, an accurate representation of what is, and a brilliant orchestration of the mind, can often become blurred with the paintbrush of an artist. Yet, as Braque would surely agree, there are certain areas knowledge that only serve to reify our reality, saving us from delving into the fantastic chasm of questions arising from art. This specific area is of course science. One can often become lost in art, in a never ending series of inquiries as to how such a sculpture or painting could be physically possible. Although, science will reassure us as to what is possible and what will remain limited to a picture, or expression of thought or questioning. To evaluate Braques claim one must look to art, and the aspects thereof, that defy and upset nature and natural science. Next, the process by which science can reassure what is, as opposed to a representation of the artistic. And last, what the reassurance of science, as well as, the nature of art entail in their representational and informative nature. Art itself has proven throughout time to confuse many, all of the thoughts by the creators seem to be in the slightest way manipulative of that which every person would think scientifically so. Dance and the Theater, a place where art has flourished, is an example of how deceit and manipulation have manifested themselves in an art form that is revered, and held to be a distinguishing skill; acting. Seeing the ghost of Oedipus come back to haunt his children, is something that is far beyond what anyone has experienced in reality, and instills in individuals a mystical image of what could be. Or, the people indigenous to North America performing dances in attempt to cause rain, and perhaps an occasional rainfall to follow, only serves to upset the theories of natural science. These are both examples of what art has done to upset the view that one has on the way things work. Not everyone sees their dead father return in a pale, luminescent mist to speak to them, yet, Shakespearean actors would make us think otherwise. It may be thought that this form of art would only serve as a method of human expression, and would actually be pure and true in revealing something about human nature, but this is not necessarily the case. This art form still is only a means to upset what natural science has supported extensively e. g. that rain comes from processes that occur naturally and randomly. Confusion still comes about when the meteorology and earth sciences tell us that performing a dance has nothing to do with a rainstorm coming about. Furthermore, even if the intent of the art work is to reveal something about humans, or to deliver Stoll 2 any kind of message, the message might not necessarily be interpreted by the individual in the way it was intended. The social science of psychology tells us that each individual has a different perception of complex messages, such as those offered by a theatrical performance, only proving that the art has served as a way to upset a persons interpretation by saying that it is wrong. Thus it is that a problem of knowledge when dealing with the arts is the interpretation of the arts by others Though this form of art may be upsetting enough, there are still many illustrations to ponder and induce discomfort. Lionel Penrose developed a work of art that was and is constantly an upsetting image. This image was of the impossible staircase appendix 1. This disturbing image, as based on our visual system, seems to be a constantly descending or ascending staircase. The would be end point reconvenes with the point at where we visually began, when tracking the staircase, and proceeds to ascend or descend another level, depending on how it is looked upon. Not only does this prove to be a physical impossibility, but a tedious chore for the mind. Everything that this staircase suggests defies reality, and goes against all that is known in the third dimension. The same is true for the impossible triangle appendix 2, developed by Roger Penrose, son of Lionel. .u38163545a714ad2bf9b04a517e0e68f4 , .u38163545a714ad2bf9b04a517e0e68f4 .postImageUrl , .u38163545a714ad2bf9b04a517e0e68f4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u38163545a714ad2bf9b04a517e0e68f4 , .u38163545a714ad2bf9b04a517e0e68f4:hover , .u38163545a714ad2bf9b04a517e0e68f4:visited , .u38163545a714ad2bf9b04a517e0e68f4:active { border:0!important; } .u38163545a714ad2bf9b04a517e0e68f4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u38163545a714ad2bf9b04a517e0e68f4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u38163545a714ad2bf9b04a517e0e68f4:active , .u38163545a714ad2bf9b04a517e0e68f4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u38163545a714ad2bf9b04a517e0e68f4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u38163545a714ad2bf9b04a517e0e68f4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u38163545a714ad2bf9b04a517e0e68f4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u38163545a714ad2bf9b04a517e0e68f4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u38163545a714ad2bf9b04a517e0e68f4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u38163545a714ad2bf9b04a517e0e68f4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u38163545a714ad2bf9b04a517e0e68f4 .u38163545a714ad2bf9b04a517e0e68f4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u38163545a714ad2bf9b04a517e0e68f4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Overpopulation a problem? EssayIt is in a shape that makes it physically impossible to create in the three dimensional world. The beams of the triangle simultaneously appear to recede and come toward you. Yet, somehow, they meet in an impossible configuration! It is difficult to conceive how the various parts can fit together as a real three-dimensional object, and yet it exists in the art of humanity. Some would say that these works of art are explainable through dimensional theory and extensive analysis, but this still does not deny how upsetting the concepts these pictures present. The mere fact that you require such an explanation to understand these models only supports Braques position on art, and shows a problem surrounding the ways of knowing when it comes to the area of the arts. The explanation of arts is what we see as most reassuring, even if it takes a method that is not traditionally associated with the arts. Science is not usually in the forefront of ones mind when viewing a work of art, yet there is explanation for some of arts implications through science, and refutation of some of the implications of art, on reality. With the example of the impossible triangle, one could understand the reason behind why we interpret it as impossible, or what the constraints of our visual system have if it Stoll 3 is explained scientifically. The triangle exists in the second dimension, but when placed into the third dimension which is what our brains try to do once it is viewed simply can not happen when realistically applied. Moreover, our visual system is constrained by how it interprets two-dimensional pictorial images into three-dimensional mental representations. It is with the help of such constraints that your visual system assigns depth to each point in an image. Furthermore, it is more important for your visual system to adhere to these constraints than to violate them because you have encountered something that is paradoxical, unusual, or inconsistent. It would lead to biological disaster if you were blind to the unusual, inconsistent, or paradoxical Seckel. This kind of scientific explanation shows the reassurance that only can be offered by science itself, rather than a confusing image produced by an artist. Not only is the science of biology part of this explanation, but dimensional theory as well. Another example of sciences reassurance can come with experimentation. When Sir Isaac Newton sat beside an apple tree, and was struck by a falling apple; we see today, when we are holding an object, then let go when there is nothing between it and the ground but five feet of unoccupied space, we see the scientific support for the theory of gravity. This kind of reassurance is exactly what Braque is suggesting art cannot definitively support, due to the processes that science endures it is seen as a more legitimate and trustworthy method of assurance. Although art may upset, and science may reassure, this does not necessarily imply that one could do the other and vice versa. The paintings that comes from Latina artist Frida Khalo are self portraits that do not romanticize her image at all. She shows herself to be just as she was, with ridged facial features, and even facial hair. Or, Pablo Picassos early works; violent depictions of war in his time. It is this kind of art that reassures people of a reality, that she was not an overwhelmingly attractive female, or that war was a place of sorrow and death, not victory and triumph. Again there is the issue of perception on behalf of the person viewing this art, and how they interpret the work. Though, with art of this nature, one does not have to deal with metaphors, or abstract concepts, the picture is straight forward, telling what is, not what is subjective. As for science, there is an ever present tendency to have an occasion where the theories are indescribably upsetting. It has been my personal experience that quantum physics will offer Stoll 4 many explanations with extraordinarily complex, and/or incomplete justification. How can I really be right here, and over there all at the same time? Quantum physics holds the answer that most likely does have justification, yet, that justification is not entirely useful or valid. .ub976aefe527a42299c71a69df86b892c , .ub976aefe527a42299c71a69df86b892c .postImageUrl , .ub976aefe527a42299c71a69df86b892c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub976aefe527a42299c71a69df86b892c , .ub976aefe527a42299c71a69df86b892c:hover , .ub976aefe527a42299c71a69df86b892c:visited , .ub976aefe527a42299c71a69df86b892c:active { border:0!important; } .ub976aefe527a42299c71a69df86b892c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub976aefe527a42299c71a69df86b892c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub976aefe527a42299c71a69df86b892c:active , .ub976aefe527a42299c71a69df86b892c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub976aefe527a42299c71a69df86b892c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub976aefe527a42299c71a69df86b892c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub976aefe527a42299c71a69df86b892c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub976aefe527a42299c71a69df86b892c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub976aefe527a42299c71a69df86b892c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub976aefe527a42299c71a69df86b892c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub976aefe527a42299c71a69df86b892c .ub976aefe527a42299c71a69df86b892c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub976aefe527a42299c71a69df86b892c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Kate Chopin EssayThe views on art only further prove its subjectivity, and how it can never be as reassuring as science. From the Native people of Bali who claim not to have art at all, that they merely try to do things the best they can, and not toil with the unnecessary troubles of art, to the masters of the Japanese Noh, a drama that is entirely dependent on music as well as choreography two examples of representational art. There is a wide variety of opinion and lack of continuity regarding artistic concepts, yet science seems to find a way to transcend this subjectivity. The notions of eastern scientists, regarding the geometry as not absolute, but rather an intellectual construction holds true with such teachings as that of Ashvaghosh an ancient Buddhist teacher of space being a mode of particularization and how it exists only in relation to our particularizing consciousness Capra. Science can reassure because its axioms exist in nature, where art will eternally be left up to individual interpretation. Braque does indeed show us how art can truly be upsetting, while leaving the reassurance to a reliable natural given that we find in science.